Umthombo: Ukufuya izilwanyana zangaphandle, ihagu kunye neenkukhu, iNo.01,2019

Ushwankathelo: Eli phepha lazisa ukusetyenziswa kweantibiotics kwimveliso yenkukhu, kunye neempembelelo zayo ekusebenzeni kwemveliso yenkukhu, ukusebenza komzimba, ukuhluma kwamathumbu, umgangatho wemveliso yenkukhu, intsalela yeziyobisi kunye nokumelana neziyobisi, kwaye ihlalutya ithemba lesicelo kunye nolwalathiso lophuhliso lwexesha elizayo lwe-antibiotics kushishino lweenkukhu.

Amagama aphambili: antibiotics; inkukhu; ukusebenza kwemveliso; umsebenzi wokuzivikela komzimba; intsalela yeziyobisi; ukunganyangeki ngamachiza

UHlelo loMzobo oMbindi No.: S831 Ikhowudi yelogo yoXwebhu: Inombolo yenqaku leC: 1001-0769 (2019) 01-0056-03

I-Antibiotics okanye i-antibacterial drugs inokuthintela kwaye ibulale i-bacterial microorganisms kwi-concentrations ethile.U-Moore et al wabika okokuqala ukuba ukongezwa kwamayeza okubulala iintsholongwane kwisondlo kuphucule kakhulu ubunzima bemihla ngemihla [1] kwii-broilers.Emva koko, iingxelo ezifanayo ziye zanda ngokuthe ngcembe. ngeminyaka yoo-1990, uphando lwamachiza alwa neentsholongwane kushishino lwenkukhu lwaqala eTshayina. Ngoku, ngaphezu kwe-antibiotics ye-20 isetyenziswe ngokubanzi, idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekukhuthazeni ukuveliswa kweenkukhu kunye nokukhusela nokulawula izifo.Inkqubela yophando yempembelelo ye-antibiotics kwiinkukhu yaziswa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo.

1; Impembelelo ye-antibiotics ekusebenzeni kwemveliso yenkukhu

I-Yellow, i-dynamycin, i-bacidin zinc, i-amamycin, njl., ingasetyenziselwa ukukhuthaza ukukhula, indlela yokwenza: ukuthintela okanye ukubulala iibhaktheriya zamathumbu enkukhu, ukuthintela ukwanda kweebhaktheriya ezinobungozi emathunjini, ukunciphisa iziganeko; yenza udonga lwamathumbu esilwanyana lube luncinci, luphucule ukunyanzeliswa kwe-mucosa yamathumbu, ukukhawuleza ukufunxa izondlo; inqanda ukukhula kwe-microbial yamathumbu kunye nomsebenzi, ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwe-microbial yezondlo kunye namandla, kunye nokwandisa ukufumaneka kwezondlo kwiinkukhu; inhibit intestinal amagciwane ayingozi avelisa i-metabolites eyingozi [2] .I-Anshengying et al yongeza i-antibiotics ukondla amantshontsho eqanda, eyandisa ubunzima bomzimba wabo nge-6.24% ekupheleni kwexesha lovavanyo, kwaye yanciphisa ukuphindaphinda korhudo nge- [3] .Wan Jianmei et al wongeze iidosi ezahlukeneyo ze-Virginamycin kunye ne-enricamycin kukutya okusisiseko kwe-AA ye-broilers yosuku olu-1 ubudala, eyandisa kakhulu i-avareji yobunzima bemihla ngemihla ye-11 ukuya kwi-20 yeentsuku ze-broilers ubudala kunye ne-avareji yokutya yemihla ngemihla ye-22 ukuya kwi-41 yeentsuku ze-broilers ubudala; ukongeza i-flavamycin (i-5 mg / kg) yandisa kakhulu i-avareji yobunzima bemihla ngemihla ye-22 ukuya kwi-41-day broilers ubudala.Ni Jiang et al. yongezwa i-4 mg / kg i-lincomycin kunye ne-50 mg / kg zinc; kunye ne-20 mg / kg colistin ye-26 d, eyandisa kakhulu ubunzima bemihla ngemihla [5] .Wang Manhong et al. yongezwa i-enlamycin, i-bacracin zinc kunye ne-naceptide ye-42, d ngokulandelanayo kwi-1 yeentsuku ze-AA yokutya yenkukhu, eyayinemiphumo ebalulekileyo yokukhuthaza ukukhula, kunye nokunyuka kobunzima bemihla ngemihla kunye nokutya kokutya kwanda, kwaye umlinganiselo wenyama wehla nge- [6].

2; Iziphumo ze-antibiotics ekusebenzeni komzimba kwiinkukhu

Umsebenzi wokuzivikela wemfuyo kunye neenkukhu udlala indima ebalulekileyo ekwandiseni ukuxhathisa isifo kunye nokunciphisa ukwenzeka kwesifo.Uphando lubonise ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwexesha elide le-antibiotics kuya kuthintela ukuphuhliswa kwamalungu omzimba wenkukhu, ukunciphisa umsebenzi wabo wokuzivikela kunye nokulula ukusuleleka. izifo.I-immunity immunosuppression mechanism kukuba: ukubulala ngokuthe ngqo i-intestinal microorganisms okanye ukuvimbela ukukhula kwabo, ukunciphisa ukukhuthazwa kwe-epithelium yamathumbu kunye ne-intestinal lymphoid tissue, ngaloo ndlela kunciphisa ukusebenza kwenkqubo yomzimba yokuzikhusela; ukuphazamisa i-immunoglobulin synthesis; ukunciphisa i-phagocytosis yeseli; kunye nokunciphisa umsebenzi we-mitotic we-lymphocytes yomzimba [7] .Jin Jiushan et al. wongezelela 0.06%, 0.010% kunye 0.15% chloramphenicol iintsuku ezi-2 ukuya kwezi-60 ubudala broilers, nto leyo yaba nefuthe elibonakalayo inhibitory kwinkukhu segazi kunye nomkhuhlane avian typhoid, kodwa ngokuphawulekayo inhibited kunye nokuphazamiseka [8] kumalungu, umongo kunye hemocytopoiesis.Zhang Rijun et al bondliwe iibroilers ezinosuku olu-1 ukutya okune-150 mg / kg goldomycin, kunye nobunzima be-thymus, udakada kunye ne-bursa kuncipha kakhulu [9] kwiintsuku ezingama-42 ubudala.Guo Xinhua et al. yongezelela i-150 mg / kg ye-gilomycin kwisondlo se-1 yeentsuku ze-AA zamadoda, ivimbela ngokubonakalayo ukuphuhliswa kwamalungu afana ne-bursa, impendulo ye-immune immune, kunye nesantya sokuguqulwa kwe-T lymphocytes kunye ne-B lymphocytes.Ni Jiang et al. idliwe i-4 mg / kg i-lincomycin hydrochloride, i-50 mg kunye ne-20 mg / kg ye-broilers ngokulandelanayo, kunye ne-index ye-bursac kunye ne-thymus index kunye ne-spleen index ayizange itshintshe kakhulu. Imfihlo ye-IgA kwicandelo ngalinye lamaqela amathathu lehla kakhulu, kwaye inani le-serum IgM kwiqela le-bactereracin zinc liye lancipha kakhulu [5]. Nangona kunjalo, uJia Yugang et al. yongeza i-50 mg / kg ye-gilomycin kwi-1-day-old day-old diet ukunyusa inani le-immunoglobulin IgG kunye ne-IgM kwiinkukhu zaseTibet, ukukhuthaza ukukhululwa kwe-cytokine IL-2, IL-4 kunye ne-INF-in serum, kwaye ngaloo ndlela kuphuculwe umsebenzi omzimba [11], ngokuchaseneyo nezinye izifundo.

3; Impembelelo ye-antibiotics kwi-intestinal flora yenkukhu

Kukho ii-microorganisms ezahlukahlukeneyo kwi-digestive tract yeenkuku eziqhelekileyo, ezigcina ulungelelwaniso oluguquguqukayo ngokusebenzisa intsebenziswano, ekhuthaza ukukhula kunye nophuhliso lweenkukhu.Emva kokusetyenziswa kakhulu kwe-antibiotics, ukufa kunye nokunciphisa iibhaktheriya ezinovakalelo kwi-digestive tract disturb. ipateni yokukhawulelana phakathi kwezityalo zebhaktiriya, okubangela usulelo olutsha.Njengento enokuthi ithintele ngokufanelekileyo iintsholongwane, iziyobisi ezilwa ne-antibacterial zinokunqanda kwaye zibulale zonke ii-microorganisms kwiinkukhu, ezinokubangela ukuphazamiseka kokutya kwaye zibangele izifo ze-digestive tract.Tong Jianming et al. yongeza i-100 mg / kg ye-gilomycin kwisondlo esisisiseko senkukhu ye-AA yosuku olu-1, inani le-Lactobacillus kunye ne-bifidobacterium kwi-rectum kwiintsuku ze-7 lalingaphantsi kakhulu kuneqela lokulawula, akukho mahluko mkhulu phakathi kwenani leebhaktheriya ezimbini. emva kweentsuku ezili-14 ubudala; inani le-Escherichia coli lalingaphantsi kakhulu kwiqela lolawulo kwi-7,14,21 kunye neentsuku ze-28, kwaye [12] kunye neqela lolawulo kamva. kunye neSalmonella, kwaye inqande kakhulu ukwanda kweLactobacillus [13] .Ma Yulong et al. Isondlo sesoya sesoya sosuku olulusuku olulusuku ludityaniswe ne-50 mg / kg aureomycin kumantshontsho e-AA ye-42 d, ukunciphisa inani le-Clostridium enterica kunye ne-E. coli, kodwa azange avelise kubaluleka [14] kwibhaktiriya ye-aerobic iyonke, ibhaktheriya ye-anaerobic iyonke. kunye neenombolo zeLactobacillus.Wu opan et al wongezelela i-20 mg / kg i-Virginiamycin kwi-1 yeentsuku ze-AA yokutya yenkukhu, eyanciphisa i-polymorphism ye-intestinal flora, eyanciphisa i-14 yeentsuku ze-ileal kunye ne-cecal bands, kwaye yabonisa umahluko omkhulu. kwimephu yebhaktiriya ukufana [15] .Xie et al wongeze i-cephalosporin ekutyeni kwamantshontsho anentsiba etyheli enosuku olu-1 kwaye wafumanisa ukuba isiphumo sayo sokuthintela kwi-L. lactis emathunjini amancinci, kodwa inokunciphisa kakhulu inani le-L. [ 16] kwi rectum.Lei Xinjian wongeze 200 mg / kg;;;;;;;; i-bactereracin zinc kunye ne-30 mg / kg i-Virginiamycin ngokulandelanayo, eyanciphisa kakhulu inani le-cechia coli kunye ne-Lactobacillus kwi-broilers yeentsuku ze-42. Yin Luyao et al wongezelela i-0.1 g / kg ye-bacracin zinc premix kwi-70 d, eyanciphisa ubuninzi be-broilers. iibhaktheriya eziyingozi kwi-cecum, kodwa ubuninzi be-cecum microorganisms nazo zehla [18] .Kukho neengxelo ezimbalwa ezichaseneyo ukuba ukongezwa kwe-20 mg / kg ye-sulfate antienemy element kunokunyusa kakhulu inani le-bifidobacterium [19] kwi-cecal. imixholo yeebroilers ezineentsuku ezingama-21 ubudala.

4; Isiphumo se-antibiotics kumgangatho wemveliso yeenkukhu

Umgangatho wenkukhu kunye neqanda zihambelana ngokusondeleyo kwixabiso lesondlo, kwaye umphumo we-antibiotics kumgangatho weemveliso zenkukhu awuhambelani.Ngeentsuku ezingama-60 ubudala, ukongeza i-5 mg / kg ye-60 d inokunyusa izinga lokulahlekelwa kwamanzi kunye nokunciphisa izinga. yenyama ephekiweyo, kunye nokwandisa umxholo wamafutha acids angaxutywanga, polyunsaturated fatty acids kunye neeasidi ezinamafutha abalulekileyo ezinxulumene freshness kunye nobumnandi, ebonisa ukuba antibiotics nefuthe elibi kancinane kwiipropati zomzimba womgangatho wenyama kwaye inokuphucula incasa [20] inkukhu ukuya kumlinganiselo othile.Wan Jianmei et al wongeza i-virinamycin kunye ne-enlamycin kukutya kwenkukhu ye-AA yosuku olu-1, eyayingenayo impembelelo ebalulekileyo ekusebenzeni kokuxhela okanye umgangatho wezihlunu, kunye ne-flavamycin yehlisa ilahleko yedriphu ye [4] kwisifuba senkukhu. imisipha.Ukusuka kwi-0.03% ye-gilomycin ukuya kwiintsuku ze-56 ubudala, izinga lokuxhela liye landa ngo-0.28%, 2.72%, 8.76%, izinga le-muscle yesifuba ngo-8.76%, kunye nesantya sesisu sesisu nge-19.82% [21].Ukutya kweentsuku ezingama-40 zongezwa kunye ne-50 mg / kg ye-gilomycin ye-70 d, izinga le-pectoral muscle liye lanyuka nge-19.00%, kunye ne-pectoral shear force kunye nokulahlekelwa kwe-drip kwancitshiswa kakhulu nge- [22] .U-Yang Minxin wondla i-45 mg / kg ye-gilomycin ukuya kwi-1-day Ukutya okudala okusisiseko kwe-AA broilers kunciphise kakhulu ukulahleka kwengcinezelo yemisipha yesifuba kwaye kwanda kakhulu [23] kunye ne-T-SOD amandla kunye namanqanaba e-T-AOC kwimisipha yomlenze. Iimowudi zabonisa ukuba ixabiso lokufunyanwa kwe-masticatory ye-anti-cage gushi chicken breast yaphuculwa kakhulu; kodwa ububele kunye nencasa yayingcono kwaye amanqaku ovavanyo lweemvakalelo aphuculwe kakhulu [24] .Liu Wenlong et al. yafumanisa ukuba inani elipheleleyo lezinto eziguquguqukayo zencasa, i-aldehydes, i-alcohol kunye ne-ketones ziphezulu kakhulu kuneenkuku ezikhululekile kuneenkukhu zendlu. Ukuzala ngaphandle kokongeza i-antibiotics kunokuphucula ngokubonakalayo umxholo wencasa ye- [25] kumaqanda ngaphezu kwe-antibiotics.

5; Isiphumo se-antibiotics kwiintsalela kwiimveliso zeenkukhu

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, amanye amashishini aphishekela iminqweno yecala elinye, kwaye ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwee-antibiotics kukhokelela ekuqokeleleni okunyukayo kweentsalela ze-antibiotic kwiimveliso zeenkukhu. kg ngokulandelelanayo, izinga lokubona lalingama-33.3% kunye nama-60%; intsalela ephezulu ye-streptomycin kumaqanda yayingu-0.7 mg / kg kwaye izinga lokufumanisa laliyi-20% [26] .Wang Chunlin et al. ukutya okune-eneji ephezulu eyongezwa nge-50 mg / kg ye-gilmomycin ukuya kwinkukhu enosuku olu-1 ubudala. Inkukhu yayinentsalela ye-gilomycin kwisibindi kunye nezintso, kunye nesixa esiphezulu se- [27] esibindini. Emva kwe-12 d, intsalela ye-gilmycin kwisihlunu sesifuba yayingaphantsi kwe-0.10 g / g (ubuninzi bomda wentsalela); kwaye intsalela esibindini nakwizintso yaba 23 ngokulandelelanayo;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; yayingaphantsi komda ohambelanayo wentsalela ephezulu [28] emva kwe-28 d.Lin Xiaohua yayilingana namaqhekeza angama-173 emfuyo kunye nenyama yenkukhu eqokelelwe eGuangzhou ukusuka kwi-2006 ukuya ku-2008, izinga eligqithileyo laliyi-21.96%, kwaye umxholo wawuyi-0.16 mg / kg ~ 9.54 mg / kg [29] .U-Yan Xiaofeng unqume iintsalela ze-antibiotics ze-tetracycline ezintlanu kwiisampuli zeqanda ze-50, kwaye wafumanisa ukuba i-tetracycline kunye ne-doxycycline ine-residual [30] kwiisampuli zeqanda.U-Chen Lin et al. wabonisa ukuba kunye nokwandiswa kwexesha leziyobisi, ukuqokelela antibiotics kwisihlunu esifubeni, isihlunu umlenze kunye nesibindi, amoxicillin kunye antibiotics, amoxicillin kunye Doxycycline kumaqanda ukumelana, kwaye ngaphezulu [31] kumaqanda ukumelana.Qiu Jinli et al. wanika i-250 mg/L kwiinkukhu zenyama yeentsuku ezahlukeneyo;; kunye ne-333 mg / L ye-50% i-hydrochloride powder e-soluble kanye ngosuku kwi-5 d, ininzi kwizicubu zesibindi kunye neyona ndawo iphezulu kwisibindi kunye nemisipha engaphantsi [32] emva kokuhoxiswa kwe-5 d.

6; Isiphumo se-antibiotics ekuxhathiseni amachiza kwinkukhu

Ukusetyenziswa kwexesha elide kakhulu kwamayeza okubulala iintsholongwane kwimfuyo kunye neenkukhu kuya kuvelisa iibhaktheriya ezininzi ezinganyangekiyo ngamachiza, ukuze yonke i-pathogenic microbial flora iya kutshintsha ngokuthe ngcembe ukuya kwicala lokunganyangeki kweziyobisi [33]. iintsholongwane eziphuma kwinkuku ziya zisiba mbi ngakumbi nangakumbi, iintlobo zokunganyangeki ngamachiza ziya zisanda, ukuxhathisa kweziyobisi kuya kusiba banzi ngakumbi nangakumbi, kwaye uvakalelo lwamayeza okubulala iintsholongwane luyehla, nto leyo izisa ubunzima ekuthinteleni nasekulawuleni izifo.Liu Jinhua et al. I-116 S. i-aureus strains ehlukanisiweyo kwezinye iifama zenkukhu e-Beijing kunye ne-Hebei ifumene amanqanaba ahlukeneyo okumelana neziyobisi, ukuxhathisa ubukhulu becala, kunye nokumelana neziyobisi i-S. aureus inomkhuba wokunyuka unyaka nonyaka [34] .Zhang Xiuying et al. Iintlobo ezingama-25 zeSalmonella ezivela kwezinye iifama zenkukhu eJiangxi, eLiaoning naseGuangdong, bezinovelwano kuphela kwikanamycin kunye neceftriaxone, kunye namazinga okumelana ne nalidixic acid, streptomycin, tetracycline, sulfa, cotrimoxazole, amoxicillin, ampicillin kunye ne-fluoroquinolones enkulu kune-50% 35].Xue Yuan et al. yafumanisa ukuba i-30 E. coli iintlobo ezibekwe zodwa eHarbin zineemvakalelo ezahlukileyo kwii-antibiotics ezili-18, ukunganyangeki kwamachiza amaninzi, i-amoxicillin / i-potassium clavulanate, i-ampicillin kunye ne-ciprofloxacin yayiyi-100%, kwaye inovakalelo oluphezulu [36] kwi-amtreonam, i-amomycin kunye ne-polymyxin B.Wang Qiwen okqhubekayo. zodwa 10 iintlobo streptococcus kumalungu enkukhu efileyo, ukumelana ngokupheleleyo nalidixic acid kunye lomesloxacin, uvakalelo kakhulu kanamycin, polymyxin, lecloxacin, novovomycin, vancomycin kunye meloxicillin, kwaye ukuxhathisa okuthile [37] kwezinye antibiotics ezininzi.Qu Ping isifundo safumanisa ukuba Iintlobo ezingama-72 zejejuni zinemigangatho eyahlukeneyo yokuchasana ne-quinolones, i-cephalosporins, i-tetracyclines ixhaphake kakhulu, i-penicillin, i-sulfonamide ixhathisa eliphakathi, i-macrolide, i-aminoglycosides, i-lincoamides iphantsi kokumelana [38] .Intsimi exutywe ne-coccidium, i-madurycin, i-halilopepyridine kunye nephelele, i-halilomycin ukuxhathisa [39].

Ukushwankathela, ukusetyenziswa kwamayeza okubulala iintsholongwane kwishishini lenkukhu kunokuphucula ukusebenza kwemveliso, ukunciphisa izifo, kodwa ukusetyenziswa kwexesha elide kunye nokusetyenziswa kakhulu kwamayeza okubulala iintsholongwane akuchaphazeli nje ukusebenza komzimba kunye nokulinganisela kwamathumbu amancinci eecological, ukunciphisa umgangatho wenyama kunye nencasa. ngexesha elifanayo liya kuvelisa ukuxhathisa ibhaktheriya kunye nentsalela yamachiza kwinyama kunye namaqanda, kuchaphazela ukukhusela isifo senkukhu kunye nokulawula kunye nokhuseleko lokutya, ukulimaza impilo yabantu.Ngo-1986, iSweden yaba ngowokuqala ukuvala antibiotics kwisondlo, kwaye ngo-2006, i-European Union yavala i-antibiotics. kwimfuyo kunye nokutya kweenkukhu, kwaye ngokuthe ngcembe kwihlabathi jikelele.Ngo-2017, i-World Health Organization yabiza ukupheliswa kwe-antibiotics ukukhuthaza uthintelo lwezifo kunye nokukhula okunempilo kwizilwanyana.Ngoko ke, ngumkhwa jikelele wokuqhuba uphando lwe-antibiotic. iindlela ezizezinye, ezidibanisa nokusetyenziswa kweminye imilinganiselo yolawulo kunye nobuchwepheshe, nokukhuthaza uphuhliso lokuzala okuchasayo, okuya kuthi kwakhona kube lukhokelo lophuhliso lweshishini leenkukhu kwixesha elizayo.

Iimbekiselo: (39 amanqaku, ashiyiweyo)