Umhlaba oMkhenkce – uMhlaba oMhlophe

01 Umbala wePlanethi yoBomi

Ngokwanda kweesathelayithi okanye izitishi zasemkhathini zibhabha esithubeni, iifoto ezingakumbi zoMhlaba zithunyelwa emva. Sihlala sizichaza njengeplanethi eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kuba i-70% yendawo yoMhlaba igutyungelwe ziilwandle. Njengoko ukufudumala koMhlaba, izinga lokunyibilika komkhenkce kuMntla kunye neSouth Poles liyakhawuleza, kwaye amaqondo olwandle aya kuqhubeka enyuka, ekhukulisa umhlaba okhoyo. Kwixesha elizayo, indawo yolwandle iya kuba nkulu, kwaye imozulu yomhlaba iya kuba nzima ngakumbi. Lo nyaka ushushu kakhulu, unyaka ozayo kubanda kakhulu, unyaka ongaphambi kowokugqibela wome kakhulu, kwaye unyaka olandela izaqhwithi zemvula elandelayo uyintlekele. Sonke sithi umhlaba phantse awufaneleki ukuba umiwe, kodwa eneneni, le yinguqulelo nje encinane eqhelekileyo yomhlaba. Phambi kwemithetho enamandla namandla endalo, abantu abanto yanto.

Ngokwanda kweesathelayithi okanye izitishi zasemkhathini zibhabha esithubeni, iifoto ezingakumbi zoMhlaba zithunyelwa emva. Sihlala sizichaza njengeplanethi eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kuba i-70% yendawo yoMhlaba igutyungelwe ziilwandle. Njengoko ukufudumala koMhlaba, izinga lokunyibilika komkhenkce kuMntla kunye neSouth Poles liyakhawuleza, kwaye amaqondo olwandle aya kuqhubeka enyuka, ekhukulisa umhlaba okhoyo. Kwixesha elizayo, indawo yolwandle iya kuba nkulu, kwaye imozulu yomhlaba iya kuba nzima ngakumbi. Lo nyaka ushushu kakhulu, unyaka ozayo kubanda kakhulu, unyaka ongaphambi kowokugqibela wome kakhulu, kwaye unyaka olandela izaqhwithi zemvula elandelayo uyintlekele. Sonke sithi umhlaba phantse awufaneleki ukuba umiwe, kodwa eneneni, le yinguqulelo nje encinane eqhelekileyo yomhlaba. Phambi kwemithetho enamandla namandla endalo, abantu abanto yanto.

Ngomnyaka we-1992, uJoseph Kirschvink, unjingalwazi we-geology kwi-California Institute of Technology, waqala ukusebenzisa igama elithi "Snowball Earth", eyathi kamva yaxhaswa kwaye yaphuculwa yi-geologists enkulu. I-Snowball Earth luqikelelo olungenakuqinisekiswa ngokupheleleyo okwangoku, lusetyenziselwa ukuchaza eyona minyaka inkulu kunye neyona inzima kakhulu yomkhenkce kwimbali yoMhlaba. Imozulu yoMhlaba yayintsonkothe ​​kakhulu, iqondo lobushushu behlabathi liphakathi kwama-40-50 ngokukaCelsius, ukuya kutsho kwindawo apho uMhlaba wawubanda kangangokuba umphezulu wawunomkhenkce kuphela.

02 Isigqubuthelo soMkhenkce soMhlaba weBhola yeKhephu

UMhlaba webhola ekhephu mhlawumbi wenzeka kwi-Neoproterozoic (malunga ne-1-6 yezigidigidi kwiminyaka eyadlulayo), eyexesha leProterozoic yePrecambrian. Imbali yoMhlaba indala kakhulu kwaye inde. Ngaphambili kwakusithiwa izigidi zeminyaka yembali yoluntu kukuqhwanyaza nje kweliso loMhlaba. Sihlala sicinga ukuba uMhlaba wangoku ukhethekileyo phantsi kokuguqulwa komntu, kodwa ngokwenene, akukho nto kwimbali yoMhlaba kunye nobomi. I-Mesozoic, Archean, kunye neProterozoic eras (eyaziwa ngokuba yiCryptozoic eras, ehlala malunga ne-4 yeebhiliyoni zeminyaka ye-Earth eyi-4.6 yezigidigidi zeminyaka), kunye nexesha le-Ediacaran kwixesha le-Neoproterozoic yexesha le-Proterozoic lixesha elikhethekileyo lobomi eMhlabeni.

Ngethuba lexesha le-Snowball Earth, umhlaba wawugutyungelwe ngokupheleleyo yikhephu kunye nomkhenkce, kungekho lwandle okanye umhlaba. Ekuqaleni kweli xesha, kwakukho umhlaba omnye kuphela emhlabeni obizwa ngokuba yi-supercontinent (Rodinia) kufuphi ne-ikhweyitha, kwaye yonke indawo yayizilwandle. Xa uMhlaba ukwimeko esebenzayo, iintaba-mlilo ziyaqhubeka nokugqabhuka, amatye amaninzi kunye neziqithi zivela kulwandle, kwaye indawo yomhlaba iyaqhubeka nokukhula. Ikharbon diokside ekhutshwa ziintaba-mlilo igubungele uMhlaba, yenze i-greenhouse effect. Imikhenkce, njengangoku, igxile kumantla nakumazantsi eepali zomhlaba, ayikwazi ukugubungela umhlaba kufutshane ne-ikhweyitha. Njengoko umsebenzi woMhlaba uzinza, ugqabhuko-dubulo lwentaba-mlilo nalo luqalisa ukuhla, kwaye nomthamo wekharbon diokside emoyeni nawo uqalisa ukuhla. Eyona nto inegalelo ekufunxeni ikharbon diokside kukutshintsha kwemozulu yamatye. Ngokutsho kokuhlelwa kwe-mineral composition, amatye ahlulwe kakhulu abe ngamatye e-silicate kunye namatye e-carbonate. Amatye e-Silicate afunxa i-CO2 ye-atmospheric ngexesha lemozulu yekhemikhali, aze agcine i-CO2 ngohlobo lwe-CaCO3, enze i-geological time scale sink effect (>1 yezigidi zeminyaka). Imozulu yeCarbonate rock nayo inokufunxa i-CO2 kwi-atmosfera, yenze i-carbon sink yexesha elifutshane (<100000 iminyaka) ngohlobo lwe-HCO3-.

Le yinkqubo ye-equilibrium eguqukayo. Xa umyinge wekharbon diokside efunxekayo ngenxa yemozulu yamatye udlula ukukhutshwa kwentaba-mlilo, umyinge wekharbon diokside kwiatmosfera uqalisa ukwehla ngokukhawuleza, de iigesi zegreenhouse zitshatyalaliswe ngokupheleleyo namaqondo obushushu aqalise ukuhla. Imikhenkce kwiipali ezimbini zoMhlaba iqala ukusasazeka ngokukhululekileyo. Njengoko ummandla womkhenkce usanda, kukho iindawo ezimhlophe ngakumbi nangakumbi kumphezulu woMhlaba, kwaye ukukhanya kwelanga kuphinda kubuywe emajukujukwini nguMhlaba onekhephu, Ukuqhubela phambili ukunyusa amaqondo obushushu nokukhawulezisa ukumila komkhenkce. Inani lemikhenkce epholileyo liyenyuka - ngakumbi ukukhanya kwelanga kubonakalisa - ukupholisa okungaphezulu - imikhenkce emhlophe ngakumbi. Kulo mjikelo, umkhenkce kuzo zombini iipali ngokuthe ngcembe ukhenkceza zonke iilwandle, ekugqibeleni uphilise kumazwekazi akufutshane ne-ikhweyitha, kwaye ekugqibeleni yenze icwecwe elikhulu lomkhenkce elinobunzima obungaphezulu kweemitha ezingama-3000, lisonge umhlaba ngokupheleleyo ube yibhola yomkhenkce nekhephu. . Ngeli xesha, isiphumo sokuphakamisa umphunga wamanzi eMhlabeni sancitshiswa kakhulu, kwaye umoya wawusomile kakhulu. Ukukhanya kwelanga kwakhanya eMhlabeni ngaphandle koloyiko, kwaye kwaphinda kwabonakaliswa. Ubunzulu bemitha yeultraviolet kunye nokubanda kweqondo lobushushu kwenza ukuba kungenzeki ukuba kubekho nabuphi na ubomi emhlabeni. Izazinzulu zibhekisa kuMhlaba kwiibhiliyoni zeminyaka njengo 'White Earth' okanye' Snowball Earth'

03 Ukunyibilika koMhlaba weBhola yeKhephu

Kwinyanga ephelileyo, xa bendithetha nabahlobo bam malunga noMhlaba ngeli xesha, omnye umntu wandibuza, 'Ngokwalo mjikelo, uMhlaba kufuneka uhlale unomkhenkce. Yanyibilika njani kamva?' Lo ngumthetho omkhulu wendalo kunye namandla okuzilungisa.

Njengoko uMhlaba ugutyungelwe ngokupheleleyo ngumkhenkce ukuya kuthi ga kwi-3000 yeemitha ubukhulu, amatye kunye nomoya zibekwe zodwa, kwaye amatye akakwazi ukufunxa ikharbon diokside ngenxa yemozulu. Nangona kunjalo, umsebenzi woMhlaba ngokwawo usenokukhokelela ekugqabhukeni kwentaba-mlilo, ngokucothayo ukhuphe ikharbon diokside emoyeni. Ngokwezibalo zezazinzulu, ukuba sifuna ukuba umkhenkce kuMhlaba we-Snowball unyibilike, umxube wecarbon dioxide kufuneka ube malunga namaxesha angama-350 kugxininiso lwangoku eMhlabeni, kubalelwa ngaphezulu kwe-13% yeatmosfera yonke (ngoku eyi-0.03%), kwaye le nkqubo yokwanda icotha kakhulu. Kuthathe malunga nezigidi ezingama-30 zeminyaka ukuba umoya ojikeleze umhlaba uqokelele ikharbon dayokhsayidi kunye nemethane eyaneleyo, yenze ifuthe elinamandla legreenhouse. Imikhenkce yaqalisa ukunyibilika, yaye amazwekazi akufuphi ne-ikhweyitha aqalisa ukubonisa umkhenkce. Umhlaba oveziweyo wawumnyama ngombala kunomkhenkce, ufunxa ubushushu belanga obungakumbi kwaye uqalise ingxelo entle. Iqondo lobushushu bomhlaba liye landa ngakumbi, imikhenkce yehla ngakumbi, ibonakalisa ukukhanya okuncinci kwelanga, kwaye iveza amatye amaninzi, Ukufunxa ubushushu obuninzi, ngokuthe ngcembe kwakheka imilambo engabandisi… kwaye umhlaba uqala ukuchacha!

Kwinyanga ephelileyo, xa bendithetha nabahlobo bam malunga noMhlaba ngeli xesha, omnye umntu wandibuza, 'Ngokwalo mjikelo, uMhlaba kufuneka uhlale unomkhenkce. Yanyibilika njani kamva?' Lo ngumthetho omkhulu wendalo kunye namandla okuzilungisa.

Njengoko uMhlaba ugutyungelwe ngokupheleleyo ngumkhenkce ukuya kuthi ga kwi-3000 yeemitha ubukhulu, amatye kunye nomoya zibekwe zodwa, kwaye amatye akakwazi ukufunxa ikharbon diokside ngenxa yemozulu. Nangona kunjalo, umsebenzi woMhlaba ngokwawo usenokukhokelela ekugqabhukeni kwentaba-mlilo, ngokucothayo ukhuphe ikharbon diokside emoyeni. Ngokwezibalo zezazinzulu, ukuba sifuna ukuba umkhenkce kuMhlaba we-Snowball unyibilike, umxube wecarbon dioxide kufuneka ube malunga namaxesha angama-350 kugxininiso lwangoku eMhlabeni, kubalelwa ngaphezulu kwe-13% yeatmosfera yonke (ngoku eyi-0.03%), kwaye le nkqubo yokwanda icotha kakhulu. Kuthathe malunga nezigidi ezingama-30 zeminyaka ukuba umoya ojikeleze umhlaba uqokelele ikharbon dayokhsayidi kunye nemethane eyaneleyo, yenze ifuthe elinamandla legreenhouse. Imikhenkce yaqalisa ukunyibilika, yaye amazwekazi akufuphi ne-ikhweyitha aqalisa ukubonisa umkhenkce. Umhlaba oveziweyo wawumnyama ngombala kunomkhenkce, ufunxa ubushushu belanga obungakumbi kwaye uqalise ingxelo entle. Iqondo lobushushu bomhlaba liye landa ngakumbi, imikhenkce yehla ngakumbi, ibonakalisa ukukhanya okuncinci kwelanga, kwaye iveza amatye amaninzi, Ukufunxa ubushushu obuninzi, ngokuthe ngcembe kwakheka imilambo engabandisi… kwaye umhlaba uqala ukuchacha!

Ukuntsokotha kwemithetho yendalo kunye ne-ecology yoMhlaba ngaphaya kokuqonda kwethu kunye nomfanekiso womntu. Ukonyuka koxinzelelo lwe-CO2 ye-atmospheric kukhokelela kubushushu behlabathi, kwaye amaqondo obushushu aphezulu aphucula imozulu yeekhemikhali zamatye. Isixa se-CO2 efunxwe kwi-atmosfera nayo iyanda, ngaloo ndlela icinezela ukukhula okukhawulezayo kwe-CO2 esemoyeni kwaye ikhokelele ekupholiseni kwehlabathi, yenze inkqubo yengxelo engalunganga. Kwelinye icala, xa ubushushu boMhlaba buphantsi, ubunzulu bemozulu yeekhemikhali bukwinqanaba elisezantsi, kwaye ukuqukuqela kokufunxa i-CO2 ye-atmospheric kulinganiselwe kakhulu. Ngenxa yoko, i-CO2 ekhutshwa yintshukumo yentaba-mlilo kunye ne-rock metamorphism ingaqokelelana, ikhuthaze uphuhliso loMhlaba ekufudumaleni kwaye ithintele ubushushu boMhlaba ukuba bubephantsi kakhulu.

Olu tshintsho, oludla ngokulinganiswa kwiibhiliyoni zeminyaka, asiyonto abantu abanokuyilawula. Njengamalungu aqhelekileyo endalo, into ekufuneka siyenze ngakumbi kukuziqhelanisa nendalo kwaye sihambelane nemithetho yayo, kunokutshintsha okanye ukutshabalalisa indalo. Ukukhusela okusingqongileyo kunye nobomi obunothando yinto ekufuneka yenziwe ngumntu wonke, kungenjalo siya kujongana nokuphela.